Sanskrit vocabulary

Sanskrit vocabulary: 110 essential words for beginners

Sanskrit is a classical and historical language of India, the sacred language of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts, and the ancestor of many modern Indian languages. It is no longer widely spoken as a native tongue today. This page introduces 110 essential Sanskrit words in Devanagari script with simple romanization, grouped by topic such as greetings, numbers, family and nature, so beginners can start reading and recognizing common vocabulary.

Greetings and polite phrases

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
नमस्तेhello / greetingsnuh-muhs-TAYनमस्ते, भवान् कथम् अस्ति?Hello, how are you?
धन्यवादःthank youdhun-yuh-VAH-duhधन्यवादः, मित्र।Thank you, friend.
आम्yesAHMआम्, अहम् आगच्छामि।Yes, I am coming.
नnoNAHन, अहम् न इच्छामि।No, I do not want it.
कृपयाpleaseKRIP-uh-yahकृपया जलं ददातु।Please give water.
क्षम्यताम्sorry / excuse mekshum-yuh-TAHMक्षम्यताम्, अहम् विलम्बितः अस्मि।Sorry, I am late.
स्वागतम्welcomeswah-GUH-tuhmस्वागतम्, गृहम् आगच्छ।Welcome, come into the house.
शुभम् भवतुmay it be well (a blessing)SHU-bhum BHUH-vuh-tooतव यात्रा शुभम् भवतु।May your journey go well.
कथम् अस्ति भवान्how are you (to a man)KUH-thum UHS-ti buh-VAHNकथम् अस्ति भवान् अद्य?How are you today?
पुनः मिलामःlet's meet again (goodbye)PU-nuh mi-LAH-muhपुनः मिलामः, मित्र।Let's meet again, friend.

Numbers

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
एकoneEH-kuhएकम् फलम् अस्ति।There is one fruit.
द्वेtwoDVAYद्वे फले स्तः।There are two fruits.
त्रीणिthreeTREE-neeत्रीणि फलानि सन्ति।There are three fruits.
चत्वारिfourchuht-VAH-reeचत्वारि फलानि सन्ति।There are four fruits.
पञ्चfivePUHN-chuhपञ्च फलानि सन्ति।There are five fruits.
षट्sixshuhtषट् फलानि सन्ति।There are six fruits.
सप्तsevenSUHP-tuhसप्त फलानि सन्ति।There are seven fruits.
अष्टeightUHSH-tuhअष्ट फलानि सन्ति।There are eight fruits.
नवnineNUH-vuhनव फलानि सन्ति।There are nine fruits.
दशtenDUH-shuhदश फलानि सन्ति।There are ten fruits.

Colors

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
रक्तःredRUHK-tuhघटः रक्तः अस्ति।The pot is red.
नीलःblueNEE-luhघटः नीलः अस्ति।The pot is blue.
पीतःyellowPEE-tuhघटः पीतः अस्ति।The pot is yellow.
हरितःgreenHUH-ri-tuhघटः हरितः अस्ति।The pot is green.
श्वेतःwhiteSHVAY-tuhघटः श्वेतः अस्ति।The pot is white.
कृष्णःblackKRISH-nuhघटः कृष्णः अस्ति।The pot is black.
धूसरःgreyDHOO-suh-ruhघटः धूसरः अस्ति।The pot is grey.
पिङ्गलःbrownPIN-guh-luhघटः पिङ्गलः अस्ति।The pot is brown.

Family members

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
पिताfatherpi-TAHमम पिता गुरुः अस्ति।My father is a teacher.
माताmotherMAH-tahमम माता गृहे अस्ति।My mother is at home.
भ्राताbrotherBHRAH-tahमम भ्राता विद्यालये अस्ति।My brother is at school.
भगिनीsisterbuh-gi-NEEमम भगिनी गृहे अस्ति।My sister is at home.
पुत्रःsonPUT-ruhतस्य पुत्रः बालकः अस्ति।His son is a boy.
पुत्रीdaughterput-REEतस्याः पुत्री बालिका अस्ति।Her daughter is a girl.
पत्नीwifePUT-neeतस्य पत्नी अत्र अस्ति।His wife is here.
पतिःhusbandPUH-tihतस्याः पतिः अत्र अस्ति।Her husband is here.
मित्रम्friendMI-truhmसः मम मित्रम् अस्ति।He is my friend.
गुरुःteacherGU-ruhगुरुः पुस्तकं पठति।The teacher reads a book.

Common verbs

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
अस्तिisUHS-tiसः अत्र अस्ति।He is here.
गच्छतिgoesGUHCH-chuh-tiसः गृहं गच्छति।He goes home.
वदतिspeaksVUH-duh-tiसा सत्यं वदति।She speaks the truth.
पश्यतिseesPUSH-yuh-tiबालकः वृक्षं पश्यति।The boy sees the tree.
करोतिdoeskuh-ROH-tiसः कार्यं करोति।He does the work.
खादतिeatsKHAH-duh-tiबालिका फलं खादति।The girl eats a fruit.
पिबतिdrinksPI-buh-tiसः जलं पिबति।He drinks water.
पठतिreads / studiesPUH-tuh-tiछात्रः पुस्तकं पठति।The student reads a book.
लिखतिwritesLI-khuh-tiसा पत्रं लिखति।She writes a letter.
स्मरतिremembersSMUH-ruh-tiसः नाम स्मरति।He remembers the name.

Adjectives

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
महान्big / greatmuh-HAHNनरः महान् अस्ति।The man is great.
लघुःsmallLUH-ghuhबालकः लघुः अस्ति।The boy is small.
सुन्दरःbeautifulSUN-duh-ruhवृक्षः सुन्दरः अस्ति।The tree is beautiful.
सत्यःtrueSUHT-yuhसः वादः सत्यः अस्ति।That statement is true.
नवःnewNUH-vuhघटः नवः अस्ति।The pot is new.
पुराणःoldpuh-RAH-nuhग्रन्थः पुराणः अस्ति।The book is old.
दीर्घःlongDEER-ghuhमार्गः दीर्घः अस्ति।The path is long.
ह्रस्वःshortHRUHS-vuhमार्गः ह्रस्वः अस्ति।The path is short.

Question words

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
किम्whatKIMकिम् तत् अस्ति?What is that?
कःwho (masculine)kuhकः त्वम् असि?Who are you?
काwho (feminine)KAHका सा अस्ति?Who is she?
कुत्रwhereKUT-ruhत्वम् कुत्र गच्छसि?Where are you going?
कदाwhenkuh-DAHत्वम् कदा आगच्छसि?When are you coming?
कथम्howKUH-thumत्वम् कथम् असि?How are you?
कस्मात्whykuhs-MAHTत्वम् कस्मात् रोदिषि?Why are you crying?
कतिhow manyKUH-tiतत्र कति बालकाः सन्ति?How many boys are there?

Nature and elements

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
अग्निःfireUHG-nihअग्निः उष्णः अस्ति।Fire is hot.
जलम्waterJUH-luhmजलम् शीतलम् अस्ति।Water is cool.
वायुःwind / airVAH-yuhवायुः वहति।The wind blows.
पृथ्वीearthPRITH-veeपृथ्वी गोलाकारा अस्ति।The earth is round.
आकाशःskyah-KAH-shuhआकाशः नीलः अस्ति।The sky is blue.
सूर्यःsunSOOR-yuhसूर्यः प्राच्याम् उदेति।The sun rises in the east.
चन्द्रःmoonCHUHN-druhचन्द्रः रात्रौ दृश्यते।The moon is seen at night.
ताराstarTAH-rahआकाशे तारा दृश्यते।A star is seen in the sky.
वृक्षःtreeVRIK-shuhवृक्षः उद्याने अस्ति।The tree is in the garden.
पुष्पम्flowerPUSH-puhmपुष्पम् सुन्दरम् अस्ति।The flower is beautiful.

Body parts

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
शिरःheadSHI-ruhमम शिरः पीडति।My head hurts.
नेत्रम्eyeNAY-truhmनेत्रम् सुन्दरम् अस्ति।The eye is beautiful.
कर्णःearKUHR-nuhसः कर्णेन शृणोति।He hears with his ear.
हस्तःhandHUHS-tuhमम हस्तः लघुः अस्ति।My hand is small.
पादःfootPAH-duhमम पादः दीर्घः अस्ति।My foot is long.
मुखम्mouth / faceMU-khuhmमुखम् सुन्दरम् अस्ति।The face is beautiful.
हृदयम्heartHRUH-duh-yuhmहृदयम् शरीरे अस्ति।The heart is in the body.
नासिकाnoseNAH-si-kahनासिका मुखे अस्ति।The nose is on the face.

Food and drink

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
अन्नम्foodUHN-nuhmअन्नम् स्वादु अस्ति।The food is tasty.
फलम्fruitPHUH-luhmफलम् मधुरम् अस्ति।The fruit is sweet.
दुग्धम्milkDUG-dhuhmदुग्धम् श्वेतम् अस्ति।Milk is white.
मधुhoneyMUH-dhuमधु मधुरम् अस्ति।Honey is sweet.
ओदनःcooked riceOH-duh-nuhओदनः उष्णः अस्ति।The rice is hot.
लवणम्saltLUH-vuh-nuhmलवणम् आवश्यकम् अस्ति।Salt is necessary.
गोधूमःwheatgoh-DHOO-muhगोधूमः क्षेत्रे वर्धते।Wheat grows in the field.
दधिyogurt / curdDUH-dhiदधि शीतलम् अस्ति।Yogurt is cool.

Time and days

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
दिनम्dayDI-nuhmदिनम् शुभम् अस्ति।The day is auspicious.
रात्रिःnightRAH-trihरात्रिः शीतला अस्ति।The night is cool.
प्रातःmorningPRAH-tuhप्रातः सुन्दरः अस्ति।The morning is beautiful.
सायम्eveningSAH-yuhmसायम् शीतलम् भवति।The evening becomes cool.
वर्षम्yearVUHR-shuhmवर्षम् समाप्तम् अस्ति।The year has ended.
मासःmonthMAH-suhअयम् मासः उष्णः अस्ति।This month is hot.
सप्ताहःweeksuhp-TAH-huhसप्ताहे सप्त दिनानि सन्ति।There are seven days in a week.
अद्यtodayUHD-yuhअद्य सोमवासरः अस्ति।Today is Monday.
श्वःtomorrowshvuhश्वः अहम् गमिष्यामि।Tomorrow I will go.
ह्यःyesterdayhyuhह्यः वृष्टिः आसीत्।Yesterday it rained.

Animals

SanskritEnglishSay itExample
गजःelephantGUH-juhगजः महान् अस्ति।The elephant is big.
अश्वःhorseUHSH-vuhअश्वः वेगेन धावति।The horse runs fast.
सिंहःlionSIM-huhसिंहः वने वसति।The lion lives in the forest.
व्याघ्रःtigerVYAH-ghruhव्याघ्रः बलवान् अस्ति।The tiger is strong.
गौःcowgowगौः दुग्धम् ददाति।The cow gives milk.
श्वाdogshvahश्वा गृहं रक्षति।The dog guards the house.
मार्जारःcatmahr-JAH-ruhमार्जारः दुग्धम् पिबति।The cat drinks milk.
मूषकःmouseMOO-shuh-kuhमूषकः बिले वसति।The mouse lives in a hole.
पक्षीbirdPUHK-sheeपक्षी आकाशे उड्डयते।The bird flies in the sky.
मत्स्यःfishMUHT-syuhमत्स्यः जले तरति।The fish swims in the water.

Study tips for Sanskrit

  • Sanskrit nouns and adjectives change ending based on case, gender and number, so learn a word's dictionary (nominative singular) form first.
  • Vowel length changes meaning, so practice distinguishing short vowels like a from long vowels like a-macron (ā).
  • Sandhi (sound-combination rules) join words together in real texts, so master words in isolation before reading connected sentences.
  • Learning the Devanagari script alongside romanization helps you recognize words in original mantras and classical literature.
  • Many modern Indian and Nepali words derive from Sanskrit roots, so recognizing them can help build vocabulary in related languages.

Frequently asked questions

Is Sanskrit still spoken today?

Sanskrit is primarily a classical, historical language today, used mainly in religious ceremonies, classical literature and scholarship, though a small number of people also speak it conversationally.

What script is Sanskrit written in?

Sanskrit is most commonly written in the Devanagari script, the same script used for Hindi and Marathi, though historically it has also appeared in other regional scripts.

Do Sanskrit words change with gender and case?

Yes, Sanskrit nouns and adjectives take different endings depending on gender, number and grammatical case, which is why the same word can look different depending on its role in a sentence.